from __future__ import annotations

from collections.abc import Sequence

import ptwt
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

from .layers_2d import Conv2dBN
from .lib_mamba.vmamba import SS2D as VMambaSS2D


class XNetStem2d(nn.Module):
    # Stem reduces spatial size by 4x while lifting features into encoder stage 1.
    def __init__(self, in_channels: int, stem_channels: int, out_channels: int) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.block = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(in_channels, stem_channels, 3, 2, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(stem_channels, stem_channels, 3, 1, 1, groups=stem_channels),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(stem_channels, out_channels, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(out_channels, out_channels, 3, 2, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.block(x)


class XNetDownsample2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels: int, out_channels: int, mode: str = "conv") -> None:
        super().__init__()
        if mode != "conv":
            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported downsample mode: {mode}")
        self.block = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(in_channels, out_channels, 3, 2, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.block(x)


class XLocalBranch2d(nn.Module):
    # Parallel depthwise branches capture short-range texture at two kernel scales.
    def __init__(self, channels: int) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.branch3 = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 3, 1, 1, groups=channels),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0),
        )
        self.branch5 = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 5, 1, 2, groups=channels),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.branch3(x) + self.branch5(x)


class XWaveletTransform2d(nn.Module):
    # ptwt-based wavelet decomposition/reconstruction with explicit crop so odd
    # input sizes round-trip to the exact original spatial shape.
    def __init__(
        self, channels: int, wavelet_type: str = "haar", wavelet_level: int = 1
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.channels = channels
        self.wavelet_type = wavelet_type
        self.wavelet_level = wavelet_level

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        original_dtype = x.dtype
        with torch.autocast(device_type=x.device.type, enabled=False):
            coeffs = ptwt.wavedec2(
                x.float(), self.wavelet_type, level=self.wavelet_level
            )
        ll = coeffs[0]
        high_parts = coeffs[1]
        high = torch.cat(high_parts, dim=1)
        return ll.to(original_dtype), high.to(original_dtype)

    def inverse(
        self, ll: torch.Tensor, high: torch.Tensor, output_size: tuple[int, int]
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        original_dtype = ll.dtype
        with torch.autocast(device_type=ll.device.type, enabled=False):
            lh, hl, hh = torch.chunk(high.float(), 3, dim=1)
            coeffs = [ll.float(), (lh, hl, hh)]
            x = ptwt.waverec2(coeffs, self.wavelet_type)
        x = x[:, :, : output_size[0], : output_size[1]]
        return x.to(original_dtype)


class XWaveletBranch2d(nn.Module):
    # The wavelet branch learns on low/high-frequency components separately and
    # then reconstructs back to the original feature size.
    def __init__(
        self, channels: int, wavelet_type: str = "haar", wavelet_level: int = 1
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        if wavelet_type != "haar":
            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported wavelet type: {wavelet_type}")
        if wavelet_level != 1:
            raise ValueError(
                "Initial XNet implementation only supports wavelet_level=1."
            )
        self.wavelet = XWaveletTransform2d(
            channels, wavelet_type=wavelet_type, wavelet_level=wavelet_level
        )
        self.ll_proj = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 3, 1, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )
        self.high_proj = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels * 3, channels * 3, 3, 1, 1, groups=channels * 3),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(channels * 3, channels * 3, 1, 1, 0),
        )
        self.out_proj = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        output_size = x.shape[-2:]
        ll, high = self.wavelet(x)
        ll = self.ll_proj(ll)
        high = self.high_proj(high)
        x = self.wavelet.inverse(ll, high, output_size=output_size)
        return self.out_proj(x)


class XSSMGlobalBranch2d(nn.Module):
    # The global branch wraps VMamba and switches scan backend at runtime.
    def __init__(
        self,
        channels: int,
        global_ratio: float = 2.0,
        d_state: int = 16,
        forward_type: str = "v3",
        ssm_backend: str = "auto",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        hidden_ratio = max(global_ratio, 1.0)
        self.backend = ssm_backend
        self.pre = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )
        self.ssm = VMambaSS2D(
            d_model=channels,
            d_state=d_state,
            ssm_ratio=hidden_ratio,
            d_conv=3,
            dropout=0.0,
            initialize="v0",
            forward_type=forward_type,
            channel_first=True,
        )
        self.post = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = self.pre(x)
        prev_backend = None
        backend = self.backend.lower()
        if backend == "auto":
            backend = "oflex" if x.is_cuda else "torch"

        if backend == "oflex" and hasattr(self.ssm, "forward_core"):
            prev_backend = self.ssm.forward_core
            self.ssm.forward_core = lambda z, _core=prev_backend: _core(
                z,
                selective_scan_backend="oflex",
                scan_force_torch=False,
            )
        elif backend == "torch" and hasattr(self.ssm, "forward_core"):
            prev_backend = self.ssm.forward_core
            self.ssm.forward_core = lambda z, _core=prev_backend: _core(
                z,
                selective_scan_backend="torch",
                scan_force_torch=True,
            )
        try:
            x = self.ssm(x)
        finally:
            if prev_backend is not None:
                self.ssm.forward_core = prev_backend
        return self.post(x)


class XGlobalBranch2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        channels: int,
        global_ratio: float = 2.0,
        ssm_d_state: int = 16,
        ssm_forward_type: str = "v3",
        ssm_backend: str = "auto",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.ssm_branch = XSSMGlobalBranch2d(
            channels=channels,
            global_ratio=global_ratio,
            d_state=ssm_d_state,
            forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
            ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.ssm_branch(x)


class XBranchFusion2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, channels: int, num_branches: int = 3) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        fused_channels = channels * num_branches
        hidden_channels = max(channels // 4, 8)
        self.fuse = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(fused_channels, channels, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )
        self.gate = nn.Sequential(
            nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1),
            nn.Conv2d(fused_channels, hidden_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=True),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Conv2d(hidden_channels, channels, kernel_size=1, bias=True),
            nn.Sigmoid(),
        )

    def forward(self, branch_outputs: Sequence[torch.Tensor]) -> torch.Tensor:
        x_cat = torch.cat(list(branch_outputs), dim=1)
        x_fused = self.fuse(x_cat)
        gate = self.gate(x_cat)
        return x_fused * gate


class XTEB2d(nn.Module):
    # XTEB fuses local, wavelet, and global branches with residual post/ffn blocks.
    def __init__(
        self,
        channels: int,
        global_ratio: float = 2.0,
        wavelet_type: str = "haar",
        wavelet_level: int = 1,
        use_wavelet_branch: bool = True,
        use_global_branch: bool = True,
        ssm_d_state: int = 16,
        ssm_forward_type: str = "v3",
        ssm_backend: str = "auto",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.pre_norm = Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0)
        self.local_branch = XLocalBranch2d(channels)
        self.wavelet_branch = (
            XWaveletBranch2d(
                channels, wavelet_type=wavelet_type, wavelet_level=wavelet_level
            )
            if use_wavelet_branch
            else nn.Identity()
        )
        self.global_branch = (
            XGlobalBranch2d(
                channels,
                global_ratio=global_ratio,
                ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
                ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
                ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
            )
            if use_global_branch
            else nn.Identity()
        )
        self.fusion = XBranchFusion2d(channels, num_branches=3)
        self.post = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 3, 1, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0, bn_weight_init=0.0),
        )
        self.ffn = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels * 2, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(channels * 2, channels, 1, 1, 0, bn_weight_init=0.0),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x_in = x
        x = self.pre_norm(x)
        x = x_in + self.post(
            self.fusion(
                [self.local_branch(x), self.wavelet_branch(x), self.global_branch(x)]
            )
        )
        return x + self.ffn(x)


class XNetEncoderStage2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        channels: int,
        depth: int,
        global_ratio: float = 2.0,
        wavelet_type: str = "haar",
        wavelet_level: int = 1,
        use_wavelet_branch: bool = True,
        use_global_branch: bool = True,
        ssm_d_state: int = 16,
        ssm_forward_type: str = "v3",
        ssm_backend: str = "auto",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.blocks = nn.Sequential(
            *[
                XTEB2d(
                    channels=channels,
                    global_ratio=global_ratio,
                    wavelet_type=wavelet_type,
                    wavelet_level=wavelet_level,
                    use_wavelet_branch=use_wavelet_branch,
                    use_global_branch=use_global_branch,
                    ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
                    ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
                    ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
                )
                for _ in range(depth)
            ]
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.blocks(x)


class XNetEncoder2d(nn.Module):
    # The encoder is a 4-stage feature pyramid with optional stage-1 global branch.
    def __init__(
        self,
        in_channels: int,
        stem_channels: int,
        encoder_channels: Sequence[int],
        encoder_depths: Sequence[int],
        global_ratio: float = 2.0,
        wavelet_type: str = "haar",
        wavelet_level: int = 1,
        use_wavelet_branch: bool = True,
        use_global_branch_stage1: bool = False,
        ssm_d_state: int = 16,
        ssm_forward_type: str = "v3",
        ssm_backend: str = "auto",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        if len(encoder_channels) != 4 or len(encoder_depths) != 4:
            raise ValueError("XNetEncoder2d expects 4 encoder stages.")
        c1, c2, c3, c4 = encoder_channels
        d1, d2, d3, d4 = encoder_depths
        self.stem = XNetStem2d(in_channels, stem_channels, c1)
        self.stage1 = XNetEncoderStage2d(
            c1,
            d1,
            global_ratio,
            wavelet_type,
            wavelet_level,
            use_wavelet_branch=use_wavelet_branch,
            use_global_branch=use_global_branch_stage1,
            ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
            ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
            ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
        )
        self.down1 = XNetDownsample2d(c1, c2)
        self.stage2 = XNetEncoderStage2d(
            c2,
            d2,
            global_ratio,
            wavelet_type,
            wavelet_level,
            use_wavelet_branch,
            True,
            ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
            ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
            ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
        )
        self.down2 = XNetDownsample2d(c2, c3)
        self.stage3 = XNetEncoderStage2d(
            c3,
            d3,
            global_ratio,
            wavelet_type,
            wavelet_level,
            use_wavelet_branch,
            True,
            ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
            ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
            ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
        )
        self.down3 = XNetDownsample2d(c3, c4)
        self.stage4 = XNetEncoderStage2d(
            c4,
            d4,
            global_ratio,
            wavelet_type,
            wavelet_level,
            use_wavelet_branch,
            True,
            ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
            ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
            ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
        )
        self.stage_channels = list(encoder_channels)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
        e1 = self.stage1(self.stem(x))
        e2 = self.stage2(self.down1(e1))
        e3 = self.stage3(self.down2(e2))
        e4 = self.stage4(self.down3(e3))
        return [e1, e2, e3, e4]


class XSkipFusion2d(nn.Module):
    # Decoder input and skip feature are aligned, projected, and fused together.
    def __init__(self, in_channels: int, skip_channels: int, out_channels: int) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.input_proj = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(in_channels, out_channels, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )
        self.skip_proj = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(skip_channels, out_channels, 1, 1, 0),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )
        self.fuse = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(out_channels * 2, out_channels, 3, 1, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, skip: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = F.interpolate(x, size=skip.shape[-2:], mode="bilinear", align_corners=False)
        x = self.input_proj(x)
        skip = self.skip_proj(skip)
        return self.fuse(torch.cat([x, skip], dim=1))


class XFrequencyRefine2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        channels: int,
        low_freq_radius_h: float = 0.25,
        low_freq_radius_w: float = 0.25,
        learnable_low_freq_radius: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        if low_freq_radius_h <= 0.0 or low_freq_radius_w <= 0.0:
            raise ValueError("Low-frequency radii must be positive.")
        # Gates are predicted from half-spectrum magnitude statistics instead of
        # directly reusing spatial-domain pooled features.
        self.low_gate = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(channels, channels, kernel_size=1, bias=True),
            nn.Sigmoid(),
        )
        self.high_gate = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(channels, channels, kernel_size=1, bias=True),
            nn.Sigmoid(),
        )
        self.refine = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 3, 1, 1, groups=channels),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(channels, channels, 1, 1, 0),
        )
        self.learnable_low_freq_radius = learnable_low_freq_radius
        if learnable_low_freq_radius:
            self.low_freq_radius_h = nn.Parameter(
                torch.tensor(low_freq_radius_h, dtype=torch.float32)
            )
            self.low_freq_radius_w = nn.Parameter(
                torch.tensor(low_freq_radius_w, dtype=torch.float32)
            )
        else:
            self.register_buffer(
                "low_freq_radius_h",
                torch.tensor(low_freq_radius_h, dtype=torch.float32),
                persistent=False,
            )
            self.register_buffer(
                "low_freq_radius_w",
                torch.tensor(low_freq_radius_w, dtype=torch.float32),
                persistent=False,
            )

    def _resolve_radius(
        self, value: torch.Tensor, max_ratio: float, device: torch.device
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        radius = value.to(device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
        if self.learnable_low_freq_radius:
            radius = torch.sigmoid(radius) * max_ratio
        return torch.clamp(radius, min=1.0e-3, max=max_ratio)

    def _build_low_frequency_mask(
        self, h_freq: int, w_freq: int, device: torch.device
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        y = torch.arange(h_freq, device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
        x = torch.arange(w_freq, device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
        y = torch.minimum(y, h_freq - y)
        radius_h = self._resolve_radius(self.low_freq_radius_h, 0.5, device) * max(
            h_freq, 1
        )
        radius_w = self._resolve_radius(self.low_freq_radius_w, 1.0, device) * max(
            w_freq, 1
        )
        y = y / torch.clamp(radius_h, min=1.0)
        x = x / torch.clamp(radius_w, min=1.0)
        y_grid, x_grid = torch.meshgrid(y, x, indexing="ij")
        mask = (y_grid.square() + x_grid.square()) <= 1.0
        return mask.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        input_dtype = x.dtype
        if x.dtype != torch.float32:
            x = x.to(torch.float32)
        fft = torch.fft.rfft2(x, norm="ortho")
        h_freq, w_freq = fft.shape[-2], fft.shape[-1]
        low_mask = self._build_low_frequency_mask(h_freq, w_freq, fft.device).to(
            dtype=x.dtype
        )
        low = fft * low_mask
        high = fft - low

        magnitude = fft.abs()
        low_stats = (magnitude * low_mask).mean(dim=(-2, -1), keepdim=True)
        high_stats = (magnitude * (1.0 - low_mask)).mean(dim=(-2, -1), keepdim=True)

        low = low * self.low_gate(low_stats)
        high = high * self.high_gate(high_stats)
        out = torch.fft.irfft2(low + high, s=x.shape[-2:], norm="ortho")
        out = out.to(dtype=input_dtype)
        return self.refine(out)


class XCRB2d(nn.Module):
    # Decoder block: U-Net skip fusion -> frequency refine -> residual output.
    def __init__(
        self,
        in_channels: int,
        skip_channels: int,
        out_channels: int,
        use_frequency_refine: bool = True,
        low_freq_radius_h: float = 0.25,
        low_freq_radius_w: float = 0.25,
        learnable_low_freq_radius: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.skip_fusion = XSkipFusion2d(in_channels, skip_channels, out_channels)
        self.frequency_refine = (
            XFrequencyRefine2d(
                out_channels,
                low_freq_radius_h=low_freq_radius_h,
                low_freq_radius_w=low_freq_radius_w,
                learnable_low_freq_radius=learnable_low_freq_radius,
            )
            if use_frequency_refine
            else nn.Identity()
        )
        self.out_refine = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(out_channels, out_channels, 3, 1, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(out_channels, out_channels, 3, 1, 1, bn_weight_init=0.0),
        )

    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        skip: torch.Tensor,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = self.skip_fusion(x, skip)
        x = x + self.frequency_refine(x)
        return x + self.out_refine(x)


class XNetHeadRefine2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, channels: int, out_channels: int | None = None) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        if out_channels is None:
            out_channels = channels
        self.block = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(channels, out_channels, 3, 1, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            Conv2dBN(out_channels, out_channels, 3, 1, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        return self.block(x)


class XNetDecoder2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        encoder_channels: Sequence[int],
        decoder_channels: Sequence[int] = (128, 64, 32),
        guide_mode: str = "affine",
        use_frequency_refine: bool = True,
        low_freq_radius_h: float = 0.25,
        low_freq_radius_w: float = 0.25,
        learnable_low_freq_radius: bool = True,
        out_channels: int | None = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        if len(encoder_channels) != 4:
            raise ValueError("XNetDecoder2d expects 4 encoder stages.")
        if len(decoder_channels) != 3:
            raise ValueError("XNetDecoder2d expects 3 decoder channels.")
        c1, c2, c3, c4 = encoder_channels
        d4, d3, d2 = decoder_channels
        self.guide_mode = guide_mode
        self.dec4 = XCRB2d(
            c4,
            c3,
            d4,
            use_frequency_refine=use_frequency_refine,
            low_freq_radius_h=low_freq_radius_h,
            low_freq_radius_w=low_freq_radius_w,
            learnable_low_freq_radius=learnable_low_freq_radius,
        )
        self.dec3 = XCRB2d(
            d4,
            c2,
            d3,
            use_frequency_refine=use_frequency_refine,
            low_freq_radius_h=low_freq_radius_h,
            low_freq_radius_w=low_freq_radius_w,
            learnable_low_freq_radius=learnable_low_freq_radius,
        )
        self.dec2 = XCRB2d(
            d3,
            c1,
            d2,
            use_frequency_refine=use_frequency_refine,
            low_freq_radius_h=low_freq_radius_h,
            low_freq_radius_w=low_freq_radius_w,
            learnable_low_freq_radius=learnable_low_freq_radius,
        )
        self.head_refine = XNetHeadRefine2d(d2, out_channels or d2)
        self.out_channels = out_channels or d2

    def forward(
        self,
        features: Sequence[torch.Tensor],
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, list[torch.Tensor], list[torch.Tensor]]:
        e1, e2, e3, e4 = features
        d4 = self.dec4(e4, e3)
        d3 = self.dec3(d4, e2)
        d2 = self.dec2(d3, e1)
        d1 = self.head_refine(d2)
        return d1, [d4, d3, d2, d1], []


class XNetSegHead2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self, in_channels: int, num_classes: int, upsample_scale: int = 4
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.block = nn.Sequential(
            Conv2dBN(in_channels, in_channels, 3, 1, 1),
            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Conv2d(in_channels, num_classes, kernel_size=1, bias=True),
        )
        self.upsample_scale = upsample_scale

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, output_size: tuple[int, int]) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = self.block(x)
        return F.interpolate(x, size=output_size, mode="bilinear", align_corners=False)


class XNet2d(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        in_channels: int,
        num_classes: int,
        encoder_channels: Sequence[int] = (32, 64, 128, 192),
        encoder_depths: Sequence[int] = (2, 2, 2, 2),
        decoder_channels: Sequence[int] = (128, 64, 32),
        stem_channels: int = 24,
        bottleneck_depth: int = 1,
        global_ratio: float = 2.0,
        wavelet_type: str = "haar",
        wavelet_level: int = 1,
        use_wavelet_branch: bool = True,
        use_global_branch_stage1: bool = False,
        ssm_d_state: int = 16,
        ssm_forward_type: str = "v3",
        ssm_backend: str = "auto",
        use_frequency_refine: bool = True,
        low_freq_radius_h: float = 0.25,
        low_freq_radius_w: float = 0.25,
        learnable_low_freq_radius: bool = True,
        guide_mode: str = "affine",
        out_channels: int | None = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.encoder = XNetEncoder2d(
            in_channels=in_channels,
            stem_channels=stem_channels,
            encoder_channels=encoder_channels,
            encoder_depths=encoder_depths,
            global_ratio=global_ratio,
            wavelet_type=wavelet_type,
            wavelet_level=wavelet_level,
            use_wavelet_branch=use_wavelet_branch,
            use_global_branch_stage1=use_global_branch_stage1,
            ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
            ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
            ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
        )
        bottleneck_channels = encoder_channels[-1]
        self.bottleneck = nn.Sequential(
            *[
                XTEB2d(
                    channels=bottleneck_channels,
                    global_ratio=global_ratio,
                    wavelet_type=wavelet_type,
                    wavelet_level=wavelet_level,
                    use_wavelet_branch=use_wavelet_branch,
                    use_global_branch=True,
                    ssm_d_state=ssm_d_state,
                    ssm_forward_type=ssm_forward_type,
                    ssm_backend=ssm_backend,
                )
                for _ in range(bottleneck_depth)
            ]
        )
        self.decoder = XNetDecoder2d(
            encoder_channels=encoder_channels,
            decoder_channels=decoder_channels,
            guide_mode=guide_mode,
            use_frequency_refine=use_frequency_refine,
            low_freq_radius_h=low_freq_radius_h,
            low_freq_radius_w=low_freq_radius_w,
            learnable_low_freq_radius=learnable_low_freq_radius,
            out_channels=out_channels,
        )
        head_in_channels = self.decoder.out_channels
        self.segmentation_head = XNetSegHead2d(head_in_channels, num_classes)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor | list[torch.Tensor]]:
        encoder_features = self.encoder(x)
        encoder_features[-1] = self.bottleneck(encoder_features[-1])
        decoder_out, decoder_features, guides = self.decoder(encoder_features)
        output_size = x.shape[-2:]
        logits = self.segmentation_head(decoder_out, output_size=output_size)
        outputs: dict[str, torch.Tensor | list[torch.Tensor]] = {
            "logits": logits,
            "seg_logits": logits,
            "encoder_features": encoder_features,
            "decoder_features": decoder_features,
            "guides": guides,
        }
        return outputs